in diabetic rodents, Fan and colleagues [77] demonstrated that intravitreal exedin-4 injection reduced retinal cell loss, maintained Bcl-2/Bax ratios, whose imbalance is associated with retinal cell apoptosis, prevented activation of pro-apoptotic AKT, and prevented excess reactive gliosis
TB-500 has been studied for its role in cell migration, blood vessel formation, and tissue repair in animal models
BPC-157 reconstitutes well in BAC water, but some peptides, including oxytocin and certain GLP-1 analogs, require sterile water or saline instead
However, antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione have pro-oxidant effects when interacting with metal ions, such as iron and copper (1,3)