In addition, DPP-4i can also regulate BP by activating the sympathetic nervous system, interfering with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), regulating Na/H 2 O metabolism, and attenuating insulin resistance (IR)
Vitamin B12 deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia, GI lesions, and neurologic damage (which begins with an inability to produce myelin and is followed by gradual degeneration of the axon and nerve head)
Kooi, MD, PhD, neonatologist, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
The medications work through several complementary mechanisms: Appetite suppression : Acting on receptors in the hypothalamus to reduce hunger signals and increase satiety Delayed gastric emptying : Slowing the rate at which food leaves the stomach, prolonging feelings of fullness Enhanced insulin secretion : Stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release from pancreatic beta cells Reduced glucagon secretion : Decreasing the hormone that raises blood glucose levels Clinical efficacy for weight loss has been demonstrated in clinical trials