evidence is still evolving
PMID: 28143741 Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis Bo Xiao, Zhigang Xu, Emilie Viennois, Yuchen Zhang, Zhan Zhang, Mingzhen Zhang, Moon Kwon Han, Yuejun Kang, and Didier Merlin ~ Gastroenterology
The term also refers to molecules that function indirectly, either by activating downstream antioxidant protection systems, or by inhibiting pro-oxidant systems that generate ROS
A decrease in the fatty acid metabolite heptanoic acid was also observed, indicating an increased use of fatty acids as an alternative energy source, via -oxidation to acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA 85 .This use of fatty acids is further reinforced by elevated malonate levels in barren urchins, as malonate is converted to malonyl-CoA via the ATP-dependent enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the primary step in fatty acid synthesis 91