One challenge to elucidating a mechanistic role for GLP-1Rs stems from their complex expression across multiple brain regions (1012), including the lateral septal nucleus (LSc), substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA), amygdala, nucleus accumbens (ACB), hippocampus, several regions of the hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [PVH], arcuate nucleus [ARH]), and hindbrain
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This system regulates diverse functions including pigmentation (MC1R), adrenal steroidogenesis (MC2R), energy balance (MC3R, MC4R), and exocrine secretion (MC5R)
= 1.6) compared to 1.4 mg l 1 (s.e